Defenders' Experts
Broken Screens: The Regulation of Live Animal Imports in the United States
Broken Screens is Defenders report on the failures of the regulatory system for live, wild animal imports in the United States.
Released in 2007, the report is an unprecedented examination of the low level of protection given by the lax U.S. system from the risks that non-native animal species pose to our environment and to public health.
The report provides the foundation for Defenders' continued advocacy, in both U.S. and international forums, for applying stronger protective measures to the massive global live animal trade.
Download the full, 56-page Broken Screens report
Download a 4-page summary
Press Release
Defenders is also releasing a vast amount of supporting information, including imported species lists and White Papers on the international law and economic aspects of the live animal import trade. Below are 10 informational items highlighted in Appendix A of the full Broken Screens report.
Identified Non-native Animal Species Imported into the U.S., by Taxa, 2000-2004.
Non-native species identified in the LEMIS records to the species level, arranged by major taxonomic group.
Alphabetical List of All Identified Non-native Animals Imported into the U.S., 2000-2004.
Alphabetized master list of all the non-native species.
Identified U.S. Native Animal Imports, by Taxa, 2000-2004.
Species native to the United States, arranged by major taxonomic group.
Partially Identified (Genus only) Animal Imports to the U.S, by Taxa, Only for Genera Not Represented on the Lists of Fully Identified Species, 2000-2004.
Genus records for imports that lacked identification to the species level. They do not duplicate genera included on the above species lists; the genera may include both U.S. native and non-native species.
Preliminary Invasiveness and Disease Risk Annotations for Identified Non-native Animal Species Imported into the United States, 2000-2004.
Table of all the risk-annotated species on the non-native species import lists, grouped by taxa, and includes a key at the end to common abbreviations. This list is also printed in full in the Broken Screens report as Appendix B.
Global Register on Invasive Species (GRIS) Full Annotations for 191 Taxa Identified as Invasive or Potentially Invasive.
This is the source for all of the risk annotations in the table in Item 5), above, and in Appendix B, labeled with the abbreviation “GRIS” that came from the database search conducted by the IUCN Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG), on contract to Defenders.
Note: this is an Excel spreadsheet file, use the numbers in the upper lefthand corner and the plus and minus signs at the left side of the spreadsheet to ease your navigation of the data.
Comparing U.S. Animal Import List to Global Invasive Species Data.
Full March 2007 consultant’s report by the IUCN ISSG to Defenders describing the GRIS database search with respect to animal imports into the U.S.
Countries Exporting Live Animals to the United States, 2000-2004.
List of each of the source countries for U.S. imports.
White Paper: Economic Impacts of Live Wild Animal Imports to the United States.
Paper by Defenders’ natural resource economist, Timm Kroeger, Ph.D.; covers the economic impacts of the live wild animal import trade and how to account for them
White Paper: International Law on Precautionary Approaches to National Regulation
of Live Animal Imports.
Paper by Defenders’ director of international conservation, Peter T. Jenkins; assesses the role of international law, particularly the World Trade Organization’s Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement, the Convention on Biological Diversity and the World Organization for Animal Health, as a backdrop to the needed U.S. import policy reforms.
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